Issue 1: Do violent protests occur more frequently in summer months?

• Goal: To find out if violent protests—like riots, battles, or civilian attacks—happen more often during the summer season.
• Test Used: Chi-Square Test of Independence
• If violence tends to spike in summer, it can help cities prepare better during these months with more resources, monitoring, and crowd control measures.

Issue 2: Are protests in cities more likely to involve fatalities than in rural areas?

• Goal: To see if protests held in cities are more likely to result in deaths compared to those in non-urban or rural areas.
• Test Used: Chi-Square Test or Comparison Grouping
• Understanding whether city-based protests pose higher risks helps local authorities and emergency services plan ahead and deploy preventive measures.

Issue 3: Which U.S. regions show clustering of high fatality events?

• Goal: To identify specific geographic zones where fatal protest events are concentrated.
• Method Used: KMeans Clustering (Latitude and Longitude)
• This helps map out hotspots where deadly protests happen more often, so local governments or NGOs can focus safety efforts and outreach there.

Results and Output Plots :

 

 

2. Findings and Discussion 

Violence Peaks in Summer Months

The first Chi-Square test checked whether violent protests were more likely in the summer months. With a Chi² value of 49.96 and a p-value of 0.000000, the result was statistically significant. The heatmap clearly shows a spike in violent events during June, July, and August.

 Summer may bring larger crowds due to holidays and outdoor activities, increasing protest frequency and tension. Law enforcement and city planning may need to anticipate and prepare for unrest during this period.

 Fatality Risk is Not Tied to Urban vs Rural

The second Chi-Square test examined whether fatal events occur more in cities compared to rural areas. With a Chi² of 0.11 and p = 0.745, this test was not significant, meaning fatalities are not strongly related to whether the location is urban or not.

This goes against common assumptions that cities are more dangerous. It implies that rural protests may be just as volatile, and safety measures must be equally distributed. High Fatality Clusters Found in Specific U.S. Regions

KMeans clustering was used to detect regional hotspots of deadly protests. The scatter plot shows 4 clusters, with some clearly centered in regions like Southern California, Texas, and the Northeast. These hotspots help identify zones where civil unrest is consistently deadly.

Targeted policy, rapid-response teams, or awareness campaigns could reduce the risk in these zones. It allows for smarter, data-driven deployment of resources instead of blanket policies.